USING WWW MATERIALS IN COURSEWORK
Notes by Keith Montgomery, Department
of Geography-Geology.
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General policies on local use of e-mail and the Internet
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Some course materials on the UWMC server
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Independent research on the internet: quality issues
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Evaluating materials
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Finding materials
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Summation
GENERAL POLICY ON E-MAIL AND
INTERNET USE
A general policy on student use of computers, e-mail and Internet at UWMC
can be found HERE.
SOME COURSE
MATERIALS ON THE UWMC SERVER
Internet materials are used for a variety of purposes at UWMC. Examples
of Internet use in UWMC courses include:
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Some courses have web pages that contain links to a variety of local and
remote materials (e.g. Anthropology,
Art,
Engineering,
Freshman
Seminar, Geography,
Mathematics,
Political
Science).
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In a weather
and climate course you might be required to search for current meteorological
data in order to analyze today's weather.
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In mathematics,
self-study materials might be recommended to you to enrich your knowledge.
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In geology,
you might have to research earthquake risk in Wisconsin, or to complete
an interactive tutorial on locating an earthquake.
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In environmental
conservation, you might be required to report on the contrasting views
of different organizations on a number of issues.
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In political
science or regional geography, you might have to locate current data
on different countries.
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etc.
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH
ON THE INTERNET
Usually, the use of materials such as those listed above is carefully guided
because you are referred to them for a very specific purpose. However,
there are a number of independent research projects, such as term papers,
for which you might try to find material on the 'Net. In fact, some professors
might even require that one or two web sources be used.
ISSUES OF QUALITY AND APPROPRIATENESS OF INTERNET MATERIALS FOR UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH
As explained and defined elsewhere, generally
the type of material you ought to use for writing a research paper should
be "scholarly" in nature or present data which is generally accepted as
reputable and reliable. As explained on
another site, such material is relatively easy to identify in books
and articles and, as you might expect, the majority of holdings in a university
library are of this type. So, a certain amount of selection has already
been done for you but, because not all university library holdings are
of this type, you should still be able to evaluate the value of the material
for yourself. (Local public libraries are not recommended as sources of
materials because their selection process tends to be in favor of non-scholarly
works, so you will just not find as much of the correct kind of material
on their shelves).
How good is the Internet as a source of materials? The answer depends
on what you are looking for. The Internet is not yet a significant depository
for free scholarly (i.e. well researched, balanced, documented, reviewed)
articles and books and therefore is not particularly useful as a source
for papers that require a scholarly tack (e.g. term papers). What IS the
web good for, then?
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Up-to-date information and pro/con OPINION on limited topics (e.g. the
Endangered Species Act)
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Government agency information and laws
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FAQs on certain topics
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Current events
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Some up-to-date data
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Photographs and graphics.
However, there is much data and information that can still be located FASTER
using print sources in the reference section of the library (i.e. encyclopedias,
almanacs, fact books, yearbooks) and there are other computer searches
that are possible, but not web-based (e.g. EBSCO host): Do NOT automatically
head for the web!
When you search the Web for materials, there is the least possible quality
control on what you will find. For example, just think about the process
by which materials are published and distributed in print compared to the
Web. Clearly, compared to books or magazines, the Web allows almost anyone
or any organization to "publish" and distribute materials across the world
for a fraction of the cost. True, relatively few of all printed books and
magazines are scholarly, but on the Web the fact of publication carries
even less indication of the value of the material. And the fact that it
can be accessed in a university carries even less weight yet!
EVALUATING
MATERIALS
Be on your guard and at your most critical as you peruse materials.
In addition to the guidelines for evaluation of materials listed elsewhere
(e.g. Berkeley,
Cornell,
UCLA,
and Widener
University, ) you might also want to consider the following questions
as you investigate a site for possible use:
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Who owns these pages and what kind of organization is it (government, business,
university, private organization)? Generally ".edu" and ".gov" is a sign
of some quality control and reliability. On the other hand, ".org" and
".net" cover a lot of ground! Remember, for many organizations and individuals,
the web is a giant billboard for promoting a particular view or opinion
on a subject in whcih they have a vested interest. Therefore, balance may
not be a strong suit of many such sites.
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If it is an organization:
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Find out about the organization itself and what its purpose is. Get back
to its homepage if the link has taken you to one document in their site.
What are the types of issue that the organization focusses on? A site maintained
by motor vehicle manufacturers is likely NOT to be balanced in presenting
information on global warming and pollution control (although it will be
good source of information on THEIR point of view).
What appears to be their general approach to, or philosophy in regards
to the subject matter you are investigating?
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Does this organization or person have a any particular philosophy or reason
for supplying you with this information? What is the purpose of
the site, do you think?
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Does the site consist entirely of factual information, or is it entirely
opinion (based on a selection of facts)?
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Does the factual information contained in this site appear trustworthy?
How was it collected? What are its sources? Is the source nationally recognized,
or is it "in house"? Is it up-to-date? Are the authors fully identified?
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Do the different organizations make reference to one another in any way
-- If so, what are their opinons of each other?
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To what other organizations do they provide links?
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Overall, is this a site you would use for basic information on your topic?
Why, or why not?
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For what purpose would you use this site?
If you wish, you can explore an exercise in evaluation of materials at
the Virtual
Geography Department Project.
U. Wisconsin
Madison Computer Science reviews web sites and maintains an archive
of reviews: See if a site is revewed there.
FINDING MATERIALS
Berkeley
has some excellent materials on web searching (and evaluation). The link
materials listed below are drawn from UWGB.
The UWGB site also contains materials on citing web sources.
Most searchers go to "search engines" with key words or phrases. For
scholarly purposes it is best to go established web libraries of materials
and NOT search engines. Web libraries have limited and selected materials
on topics: Some evaluation of quality has been completed. Search engines
are vacuum cleaners that suck up everything -- they supply too much with
no quality control.
Virtual libraries include:
There are also "Subject Directories". Most often individuals and organizations
submit URLs to them and on some (NOT all) there is selection:
There are sites that review sites and pages -- but be careful of the criteria
they use:
Then there are are search engines that find key words located somewhere
in a given document. The better ones will rank the "hits". Using a search
engine will be much better if you pick one and get to know its "advanced
search" features -- for example, in AltaVista one can find pages that link
to a given page, which is very useful if you are expanding asearch
and already have a couple of good sources. A useful "keyword" technique
to use is to use the name of an author you know is well-known in a particular
field of study, rather than the field itself.
Here are some search engines:
Meta-Search Engines search the search engines!
Here are some Meta-Search Engines:
SUMMATION
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Generally, sites that provide basic data or instructional materials tend
to be associated with universities or the federal government.
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Most other pages, including those of non-governmental organizations such
as The Heritage Foundation, or the Cato Institute, or the Population Research
Institute, present material with their own particular slant, although this
is rarely made explicit in the site itself; so be aware of hidden bias.
Some of this bias is very obvious; some is much subtler. Some sites are
made to appear very "official" and authoritative.
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The advantage of web materials is often their unedited opinion (i.e. you
can find out what a variety of groups of people have to say for themselves!)
or their immediacy (e.g. commentary on current "hot" issues). Most sites
do not try to be objective but, rather, are electronic billboards for opinions
and views.
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Learn how to bookmark material and sort the bookmarks.
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Do not use the Web as your sole source.
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Learn how to search intelligently.
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Learn how to evaluate materials.
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Generally, scholarly books and journals are still your best bet for material!
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Take URLs to the professor for assistance in evaluation.